A dual-center retrospective evaluation of 204 blood or plasma transfusions in 169 camelids

Transfusions in camelid species are performed without evidence-based guidelines. Safe and recommended practices for administering blood products with maximal efficacy and minimal risk of reactions are needed.

To describe the indications for, methods of, and outcomes associated with transfusions in camelids and to identify risk factors for transfusion reactions (TRs) and death.

Two hundred four transfusions performed in 169 camelids at 2 referral hospitals.

A dual-center retrospective review of medical records from 2010 to 2024. Signalment, indication for transfusion, transfusion history, administration of premedication, presence of TRs, and survival to discharge were reviewed. Dose and rate of product administration were calculated. Data were described and analyzed with a generalized linear model.

In less than 1-month-old crias, the most common indication for plasma transfusion was management of failure of transfer of passive immunity. The overall TR rate was 12%, and presence of TRs resulted in a lower probability of survival to discharge (54.6%; 95%CI, 34.0%-73.6% vs 76.5%; 95%CI, 69.5%-82.3%, respectively; P = .033). There was no difference in probability of a TR with respect to administration of premedication, rate of transfusion administration, or previous transfusions (P ≥ .06). Changes to vital signs were the most common findings suggesting a TR.

Blood products can fulfill many therapeutic needs in the treatment of camelid species with a reasonable expectation of safety. A history of prior transfusions does not appear to significantly affect the future risk of a TR.