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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
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Adhesive Hydrogel Inks with Boronic Acid-Cis-Diol Complexation for On-Muscle Printing.

Jaebeom Lee1,2, Sumin Lee3, Seung Hyun Lee1

  • 1Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
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Recent strategies for designing adhesive hydrogels to enhance muscle tissue regeneration.

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Correction: Recent strategies for designing adhesive hydrogels to enhance muscle tissue regeneration.

Biomedical engineering letters·2026

Researchers developed a new 3D printable hydrogel ink (PBAink) for muscle tissue engineering. This bioadhesive material offers improved cell adhesion and mechanical properties, outperforming traditional GelMA inks for direct on-muscle printing applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • 3D printing offers patient-specific scaffolds for muscle regeneration.
  • Methacrylate-conjugated gelatin (GelMA) is a common 3D printing ink but has limitations like low viscosity, weak mechanics, and poor tissue adhesion.
  • Addressing these limitations is crucial for effective on-muscle printing and tissue integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel printable and bioadhesive hydrogel ink (PBAink) for muscle tissue engineering.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing materials like GelMA for direct on-muscle printing.
  • To create a scaffold that promotes myotube alignment and muscle tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a printable and bioadhesive hydrogel ink (PBAink) using alginate tethered with phenylborate and methacrylate (AlMABA).
Keywords:
3D printingcell adhesionon-muscle printingtissue adhesion

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  • Optimization of salt concentration in phosphate-buffered saline to enhance cohesion through dynamic bonds between cis-diols and phenylborate groups.
  • Evaluation of hydrogel properties including storage modulus, crosslinking speed, swelling, biocompatibility, and tissue adhesion.
  • Assessment of cell adhesion, spreading, density, and F-actin coverage using C2C12 myoblasts on 3D-printed PBAink scaffolds.

    • Main Results:

    • PBAink demonstrated a storage modulus similar to muscle tissue and rapid blue light crosslinking (90 s).
    • The hydrogel exhibited low swelling, good biocompatibility, and enhanced tissue adhesion compared to GelMA and methacrylate-conjugated alginate.
    • PBAink promoted C2C12 cell clustering, spreading, increased cell density, and enhanced F-actin coverage on scaffolds.
    • Optimized salt concentration enhanced printing fidelity at low polymer concentrations, while photo-crosslinking ensured structural stability.

    Conclusions:

    • PBAink is a promising printable and bioadhesive hydrogel ink for muscle tissue engineering.
    • Its properties facilitate direct on-muscle printing and conformal integration with muscle tissue.
    • PBAink supports cell adhesion and proliferation, offering an effective alternative to conventional GelMA-based inks for muscle regeneration.