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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
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Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

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Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome III: Medical and Nursing Management01:30

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Managing Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) involves a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and medication.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Diagnostic Studies and Management I-Nutritional Therapy01:30

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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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Diarrhea management: from pathophysiology to microbiota modulation.

Giovanni Marasco1,2, David Meacci1,2, Giovanni Sarnelli3

  • 1IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diarrhea, acute or chronic, has many causes impacting global health. Gut microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) are key in many diarrhea cases, influencing treatment strategies like probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Keywords:
acute diarrheaantibioticschronic diarrheadiverticular diseasedysbiosisfecal microbiota transplantationgut microbiotainflammatory bowel diseaseirritable bowel syndromeprebioticsprobioticssmall intestine bacterial overgrowth

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Diarrhea, acute or chronic, is a widespread condition with significant global health and economic impacts.
  • It's classified by duration (acute <2 weeks, chronic >4 weeks) and pathophysiology (osmotic, secretory, inflammatory, motility-related).
  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a common factor in various acute and chronic diarrhea etiologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prevalent causes and mechanisms of acute and chronic diarrhea.
  • To emphasize the critical role of gut microbiota in diarrhea pathogenesis.
  • To examine therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal microbiota modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of acute and chronic diarrhea.
  • Focus on pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of gut microbiota's role and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Acute diarrhea often stems from infectious gastroenteritis with temporary dysbiosis.
  • Chronic diarrhea involves complex etiologies and persistent dysbiosis, seen in conditions like IBS.
  • Dysbiosis is a unifying feature across diverse diarrhea causes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding diarrhea mechanisms, especially gut microbiota involvement, is crucial for effective management.
  • Therapeutic strategies like prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation show promise for modulating gut microbiota.
  • Further research into microbiota-targeted therapies can improve patient outcomes for acute and chronic diarrhea.