Effects of 3D Virtual Reality on Postural Control in Young Adults: Clinical and Practical Implications

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of virtual reality (VR) as an intervention tool guided by specialists. However, little is known about whether VR may pose risks in uncontrolled environments. Considering its implications for clinics and practice, this study aimed to assess the potential risks of a 3D VR simulation on postural control in young adults. Methods: Seventy-nine community-dwelling young adults completed a VR program using a head-mounted display that simulated a 3D roller-coaster ride while standing. Postural control was assessed using a force platform measuring frontal and lateral sway, center-of-pressure sway area, and frontal and lateral imbalance speed. The assessments were conducted with and without VR. Statistical analyses were performed using paired comparisons. Significance was set at 5%. Effect sizes (ESs) are reported. Results: Engaging in a VR roller-coaster simulation increased the participants' imbalance in terms of frontal sway (p = 0.001; ES = 0.919), center-of-pressure sway area (p = 0.001; ES = 0.849), frontal imbalance speed (p = 0.001; ES = 0.910), and lateral imbalance speed (p = 0.001; ES = 0.663). No significant difference was observed in the lateral sway (p = 0.383). During VR exposure, 25% of the participants showed a clinically significant increase in postural instability. Despite having normal baseline parameters, participants with higher postural instability showed greater deterioration in postural control during VR exposure than those with lower postural instability. Conclusions: A 3D VR simulation affected several measures of postural control in community-dwelling young adults. Precautions should be taken when engaging in VR without appropriate specialist supervision.