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Related Concept Videos

Pulse Assessment Sites01:11

Pulse Assessment Sites

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Pulse assessment sites are crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiovascular health. By assessing the pulsations of arteries at specific anatomical locations, healthcare professionals can gather valuable information about blood flow, heart rate, and peripheral circulation. Understanding these pulse assessment sites is essential for conducting comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations and monitoring patients' overall health. These sites are strategically chosen due to the accessibility and...
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Nursing Assessment01:29

Nursing Assessment

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The two sources for collecting information are primary and secondary. After gathering information, interpretation and validation help to complete the data. The purpose of assessment is to establish data with the initial information, to interpret data about the patient's perceived needs and health problems, and to respond to these problems identified.
The nurse collects all aspects of the patient's health in the initial assessment, establishing priorities for ongoing focused assessments...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection01:29

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection

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Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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An MR1-specific nanobody capable of blocking MR1T cell activation.

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Related Experiment Video

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A Nanobody-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Point-of-Care Diagnostics.

Timothy A Bates1, Sintayehu K Gurmessa1, Jules B Reyes-Weinstein1

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.

Biosensors
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Alpaca-derived nanobodies enable rapid, low-cost development of paper-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. This instrument-free diagnostic is ideal for resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
lateral flow assaynanobodynucleocapsidpoint-of-care

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunodiagnostics
  • Point-of-Care Testing

Background:

  • Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are crucial for point-of-care diagnostics but require cost reduction and faster development.
  • Alpaca-derived nanobodies (Nbs) offer advantages as immunoassay reagents due to their small size and ease of recombinant production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a paper-based LFA for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein detection using only nanobodies.
  • To demonstrate in-house synthesis of nanobody-coated gold nanoparticles for instrument-free visual readout.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a paper-based lateral flow assay utilizing exclusively nanobodies for direct antigen detection.
  • Synthesis of nanobody-coated gold nanoparticles for visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein.

Main Results:

  • Achieved visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 N protein down to 40 ng/mL using the nanobody-based LFA.
  • Demonstrated a simplified manufacturing process using in-house reagents, avoiding mammalian cell culture.

Conclusions:

  • Nanobody-based LFAs offer a rapid, cost-effective, and practical diagnostic strategy.
  • This approach is suitable for resource-limited settings and can be adapted for detecting other disease biomarkers.