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Decellularized Extracellular Matrix/Gellan Gum Hydrogels Enriched with Spermine for Cardiac Models.

Luca Di Nunno1,2, Marcin Wekwejt2,3, Francesco Copes2

  • 1Laboratory of Regenerative Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel hybrid hydrogels using decellularized bovine pericardium (dBP) ECM, gellan gum (GG), and spermine (SPM) to create advanced in vitro cardiac models that mimic native heart tissue properties.

Keywords:
cardiac tissue modellingdecellularized extracellular matrixgellan gumspermine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cardiovascular Research

Background:

  • Conventional 2D cell cultures lack the complexity of native tissues, limiting physiological relevance.
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic hydrogels are crucial for advanced tissue engineering.
  • Decellularized bovine pericardium (dBP) ECM provides tissue-specific cues but has mechanical limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop hybrid hydrogels mimicking cardiac tissue's biochemical and mechanical properties.
  • To overcome the mechanical limitations of dBP ECM using gellan gum (GG) and spermine (SPM).
  • To create improved in vitro cardiac models for research applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of hybrid hydrogels combining dBP ECM, GG, and SPM.
  • Optimization of ionic gelation using DMEM and SPM.
  • Comprehensive characterization including mechanical testing (uniaxial compression, rheology), SEM, and cytocompatibility assays with H9C2 cardiomyoblasts.

Main Results:

  • Formulations exhibited rapid gelation and long-term stability under simulated physiological conditions.
  • Scanning electron microscopy revealed an interconnected, ECM-like porous microarchitecture.
  • Mechanical properties, including Young's modulus and storage modulus, were comparable to native myocardium and tunable with SPM concentration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed dBP-GG-SPM hydrogels successfully replicate key biochemical and mechanical characteristics of cardiac ECM.
  • Cytocompatibility studies confirmed preserved cell viability, morphology, and cytoskeletal organization.
  • These hybrid hydrogels show significant potential for advanced in vitro cardiac models.