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Related Experiment Video

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Circulating Gremlin-1 Reflects Age-Associated Metabolic Changes in Women.

Rahma M Alyami1,2, Khalid Al-Regaiey2

  • 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62421, Saudi Arabia.

Metabolites
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gremlin-1 levels increase with age, reflecting systemic aging rather than menopause. This adipokine is linked to aging-related endocrine and metabolic changes, not specifically ovarian aging.

Keywords:
Gremlin-1HbA1cIGF-1estradiol (E2)menopausemetabolismobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Aging
  • Adipokine Research

Background:

  • Menopause involves hormonal shifts impacting body composition, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular risk.
  • Gremlin-1, an adipokine, is implicated in metabolic and reproductive aging.
  • Its role in endocrine and lipid changes during menopause needs further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between plasma Gremlin-1 and key biomarkers.
  • Specifically, to assess associations with IGF-1, HDL cholesterol, estradiol, and age.
  • To compare these markers in reproductive-aged versus postmenopausal women.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study of 88 women (18-65 years) stratified by menopausal status.
  • Measured plasma concentrations of Gremlin-1, growth hormone, IGF-1, insulin, estradiol (E2), glucose, HbA1c, and lipids.
  • Analyzed associations between Gremlin-1 and biomarkers, considering age and menopausal status.

Main Results:

  • Plasma Gremlin-1 was significantly higher in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001).
  • Age, not menopausal status, correlated with Gremlin-1 levels (p = 0.013 vs. p = 0.874).
  • Gremlin-1 inversely associated with IGF-1 (p = 0.003) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.03) in non-obese women, but this was age-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating Gremlin-1 reflects chronological aging and associated endocrine-metabolic changes.
  • Its associations with metabolic biomarkers are primarily due to aging, not menopause or adiposity.
  • Gremlin-1 may indicate systemic aging-related remodeling rather than ovarian aging or adipose dysfunction.