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Rabies and Pinnipeds Reviewed: Premonitions, Perturbations, and Projections?

Charles E Rupprecht1,2, Aniruddha V Belsare1,2

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.

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Summary

Rabies has emerged in South African seals, with over 80 cases documented since 2022. This viral encephalitis spillover from jackals highlights the need for enhanced pinniped surveillance in the Southern Hemisphere.

Keywords:
diseaseepizootiologylyssavirusmesocarnivorespinnipedsrabiessealsserologysurveillancevaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Marine Mammal Health
  • Epizootiology

Background:

  • Rabies, an acute viral encephalitis, affects warm-blooded vertebrates with reservoirs in Chiroptera and Carnivora.
  • Pinnipeds, a diverse group of marine mammals, have not been extensively reviewed for rabies, with only one historical case reported.
  • Recent findings indicate an emerging rabies epizootic in South African Cape fur seals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and characterize the recent rabies outbreak in pinnipeds in southern Africa.
  • To investigate the viral origins and transmission dynamics of rabies in seals.
  • To assess the implications of this epizootic for public health and conservation in the Southern Hemisphere.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective testing of archival pinniped specimens.
  • Viral characterization to identify the rabies strain and potential reservoirs.
  • Epizootiological analysis of case distribution and transmission patterns.

Main Results:

  • Over 80 cases of rabies in seals have been documented since 2022, with new foci identified in Namibia and predicted in Angola.
  • Viral characterization suggests spillover from black-backed jackals, with subsequent intraspecific transmission within the seal population.
  • The epizootic presents unique challenges, particularly due to a lack of comprehensive pinniped surveillance data, even in regions considered rabies-free like Antarctica.

Conclusions:

  • The enzootic rabies focus in southern African seals represents a significant public health and conservation concern.
  • There is a critical need for enhanced regional pinniped surveillance, especially in the Southern Ocean.
  • Targeted vaccination and broader international collaboration are essential to manage this emerging threat to marine mammal populations and potentially human health.