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Updated: Feb 27, 2026

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From Bovine Immune Milk Profiling to Multi-Antigen Vaccine Design: Enhanced Humoral Responses Against H. pylori with

Hongru Li1, Enhao Zhang1, Jingyuan Ning1

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Summary

Bovine immune milk effectively delivers acid-stable antibodies against Helicobacter pylori. A multi-antigen immunogen significantly boosted humoral immunity in mice, showing promise for new vaccine strategies.

Keywords:
Helicobacter pyloriImmune milkhumoral immunitymulti-antigen immunogennon-antibiotic therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Veterinary Science

Background:

  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major global health concern.
  • Antibiotic resistance necessitates novel non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies.
  • Developing effective humoral immune responses against H. pylori is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a bovine immune milk platform for delivering antibodies against H. pylori.
  • To design and evaluate a synergistic multi-antigen immunogen to enhance humoral immunity.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of immune milk and multi-antigen strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Dairy cows were immunized with inactivated H. pylori to produce immune milk.
  • Antibody specificity and stability were analyzed using ELISA, Western blot, and mass spectrometry.
  • Key H. pylori antigens were identified, produced recombinantly, and formulated into a multi-antigen cocktail for murine immunization and immunogenicity testing.

Main Results:

  • Immune milk contained high-titer, acid-stable IgG antibodies targeting multiple H. pylori virulence factors.
  • A multi-antigen cocktail (FlaA + FlaB + HypA + UreA + UreB + UreE + UreG) induced significantly higher serum agglutination titers in mice compared to single antigens or whole-cell vaccines.
  • Robust CD4+ T-cell activation was observed with the multi-antigen cocktail, and no significant toxicity was detected.

Conclusions:

  • Bovine immune milk serves as a practical platform for delivering acid-stable antibodies.
  • A rationally designed multi-antigen cocktail synergistically enhances functional humoral immunity.
  • This approach provides a promising foundation for developing antibody-based or subunit vaccine strategies against H. pylori.