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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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Movement Joints in Buildings01:27

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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation
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The Effects of Walking Speed on Three-Dimensional Foot Rigidity and Multisegment Coordination.

Megan Weaver1,2, Ross Smith1, Shyam Patel1

  • 1Lampe Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Faster walking reduces foot joint rigidity and improves coordination, enhancing movement efficiency. This study reveals how walking speed impacts foot mechanics for better understanding of gait changes.

Keywords:
biomechanicsgaitjointkinematicsvariabilityvector coding

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science

Background:

  • The foot's complex role in locomotion involves shock absorption, energy storage, and power generation during different gait phases.
  • Understanding how multi-segment foot kinematics change with walking speed is crucial for gait analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify three-dimensional foot joint rigidity and multi-segment coordination during walking at different speeds.
  • To investigate the hypothesis that faster walking speeds decrease foot rigidity and enhance coordination.

Main Methods:

  • Sixteen healthy adults walked barefoot on an instrumented treadmill at two speeds (1.0 m/s and 1.4 m/s).
  • A multi-segment foot model assessed rigidity (range of motion), coordination, and variability of the ankle, arch, and toe joints across stance phases.

Main Results:

  • Faster walking speeds significantly reduced joint rigidity and led to more synchronized (in-phase) movements across foot segments.
  • Coordination became more tightly regulated with decreased variability during faster walking, except for the midfoot-forefoot in late stance.

Conclusions:

  • Increased walking speed alters foot kinematics by reducing rigidity and enhancing segmental coordination, optimizing mechanical energy return.
  • These findings offer insights into age-related or injury-induced changes in foot and ankle function.