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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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Fat/Water Separation at 7 T Using a 3D Radial Sequence With Quasi-Continuous Echo Times.

Matthias Rohe1, Katharina Tkotz1, Armin M Nagel1,2

  • 1Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|February 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new 3D radial MRI sequence for reliable fat/water separation at 7T. The method minimizes chemical shift artifacts and fat/water swaps, crucial for ultra-high field imaging.

Keywords:
7 teslaDixon MRIfat/water separationproton density fat fractionquasi‐continuous TEradial sequence

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Ultra-high field (UHF) MRI, particularly at 7 Tesla (7T), offers enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution.
  • However, UHF MRI is prone to artifacts like chemical shift, complicating accurate fat/water separation (FWS).
  • Robust FWS is essential for quantitative MRI and accurate tissue characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel 3D radial MRI sequence with quasi-continuous echo time (TE) sampling for reliable FWS at 7T.
  • To implement a reconstruction workflow incorporating off-resonance correction and graph cut segmentation for improved fat and water signal differentiation.
  • To assess the sequence's performance in phantom and in vivo measurements, focusing on artifact reduction and prevention of fat/water swaps.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D radial density-adapted sequence with quasi-continuous TE sampling was implemented on a 7T whole-body MRI system.
  • A reconstruction workflow featuring off-resonance correction to mitigate chemical shift artifacts was developed.
  • Fat and water signals were separated using a graph cut algorithm, generating proton density fat fraction maps. Validation was performed using phantoms and in vivo lower leg scans.

Main Results:

  • The sequence allowed sampling of the fat/water oscillation curve with a minimal mean TE of 0.27 ms and a maximal mean TE of 10.13 ms, featuring an effective TE increment of 85 μs.
  • Off-resonance correction effectively reduced chemical shift artifacts in fat signals.
  • Phantom fat quantification showed high accuracy (1.5% mean absolute error), and the pipeline demonstrated consistent fat/water signal interpretation without swaps in both phantom and in vivo data.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D radial sequence with quasi-continuous TEs is effective for FWS at 7T.
  • The high sampling rate (effective TE increment < 100 μs) provides robustness against fat/water swaps, a common challenge at ultra-high field strengths.
  • This workflow enables reliable quantitative fat fraction mapping at 7T.