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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Assisted Scoliosis-Specific Exercise in Mild-Grade Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
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Advancing Scoliosis Treatment with Patient-Specific Functionally Graded NiTi-SMA Rods: Key Considerations and

Shiva Mohajerani1, Alireza Behvar1, Athena Jalalian2

  • 1Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review presents a framework for 3D-printed, patient-specific nickel-titanium shape memory alloy rods for scoliosis correction. These functionally graded implants offer durable alignment and motion preservation through tailored mechanical properties and programmable transformation temperatures.

Keywords:
NiTi rodsadditive manufacturingfunctionally graded structurespatient-specific instrumentationscoliosis surgical treatmentshape memory alloys

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Medical Device Design

Background:

  • Scoliosis correction currently relies on rigid implants, often leading to adjacent segment degeneration.
  • Nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) offer unique thermomechanical properties like superelasticity and shape memory effect.
  • Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of complex, patient-specific geometries with tailored material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a materials-to-clinic framework for patient-specific, functionally graded (FG) NiTi SMA rods for scoliosis correction.
  • To explore the use of AM to spatially program transformation temperatures, stiffness, and geometric inertia along the rod.
  • To establish a complementary paradigm for scoliosis correction that achieves durable alignment with motion preservation.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized the thermomechanical basis of NiTi (thermoelastic martensitic transformation, superelastic plateau, hysteretic damping).
  • Leveraged additive manufacturing (AM) capabilities (PBF-LB, DED, BJAM) with contamination and composition control strategies.
  • Formalized a grading mask and target moment vector for multi-objective optimization of segmental transformation temperatures, density/architecture, and cross-section.

Main Results:

  • Consolidated process-structure-property linkages for various AM routes.
  • Developed segment-level quality assurance methods (DSC mapping, micro-CT, EBSD/indentation, bench testing).
  • Established a phenomenological constitutive model for predicting moment-curvature loops and enabling finite element verification.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed functionally graded NiTi SMA rods offer an adaptive transformation temperature gradient and tunable mechanical response.
  • Represents a significant design direction toward 3D-printed, patient-specific SMA rods for durable, adjustable, and efficient scoliosis correction.
  • Outlined a translational roadmap including calibration, AM process maps, digital twin planning, and long-term testing protocols.