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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Correction: Adeluola et al. Chemoprevention of 4-NQO-Induced Oral Cancer by the Combination of Resveratrol and EGCG: In Vivo, In Silico and In Vitro Studies. <i>Cancers</i> 2026, <i>18</i>, 1098.

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Recent Advances in Immunotherapy for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Abby L Grier1, Jeffrey Y Zhong2, Spyridon Basourakos3

  • 1School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Cancers
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) requires new treatments due to recurrence and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shortages. Immunotherapies offer promising alternatives for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Bacillus Calmette-Guérinbladder cancerimmune checkpoint inhibitorimmunotherapyintravesical therapynon-muscle-invasive bladder cancertransurethral resection of bladder tumors

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for 75% of bladder cancer diagnoses.
  • High recurrence and progression rates necessitate intensive surveillance and treatment.
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is standard for high-risk NMIBC, but shortages and side effects exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in intravesical and systemic immunotherapies for NMIBC.
  • To highlight ongoing clinical trials and emerging treatment options.
  • To discuss controversies in trial design, sequencing, efficacy, and safety.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of recent clinical trials and FDA-approved immunotherapies.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • Discussion of therapeutic alternatives to radical cystectomy.

Main Results:

  • Several intravesical and systemic immunotherapies have shown efficacy in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • FDA approvals include nadofaragene firadenovec, nogapendekin alfa-inbakicept, and pembrolizumab.
  • Ongoing trials continue to expand treatment options and investigate novel combinations.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy represents a significant advancement for NMIBC management, particularly for BCG-refractory cases.
  • Alternatives to radical cystectomy are crucial given its impact on quality of life.
  • Further research is needed to optimize treatment sequencing and comparative efficacy.