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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Multiple Roles of Cannabinoids in the Olfactory System.

Thomas Heinbockel1, Edward A Brown1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.

Brain Sciences
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endocannabinoid system influences smell processing by modulating neural circuits in the olfactory pathway. This system impacts sensory gain, neurodevelopment, and is linked to various diseases, offering therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
CB1RCB2Rcannabinoidendocannabinoid systemolfactionolfactory systemretrograde signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Sensory Systems Biology

Background:

  • The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a key neuromodulator in the brain.
  • Its role in olfaction is an emerging area of research.
  • The ECS influences memory, reward, pain, and motor control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interactions between the ECS and the olfactory pathway.
  • To highlight the ECS's role in olfactory processing, neurodevelopment, and disease.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions in ECS research within olfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge.
  • Analysis of anatomical, cellular, and functional interactions.
  • Examination of ECS influence on olfactory bulb microcircuits and higher cortical targets.

Main Results:

  • ECS signaling, via CB1 receptors, shapes synaptic transmission and sensory gain in the olfactory system.
  • The ECS modulates olfactory processing in a state-dependent manner (hunger, stress, reward).
  • The ECS regulates olfactory neurodevelopment and adult neurogenesis.
  • Links between ECS, olfactory dysfunction, and diseases like neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders are evident.

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory system serves as a model for understanding how the ECS links internal states to perception and behavior.
  • ECS modulation of olfaction has significant implications for therapeutic development.
  • Future research should focus on circuit-specific targeting and novel delivery strategies.