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TGF - β Signaling Pathway

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Immunofluorescence Staining Using IBA1 and TMEM119 for Microglial Density, Morphology and Peripheral Myeloid Cell Infiltration Analysis in Mouse Brain

Immunofluorescence Staining Using IBA1 and TMEM119 for Microglial Density, Morphology and Peripheral Myeloid Cell Infiltration Analysis in Mouse Brain

Published on: October 27, 2019

Impaired TGFβ Signaling in Plaque-Associated Microglia.

Oliver Krzyzan^1,2, Angela Kuhla^3,4, Björn Spittau⁵

¹Institute of Anatomy, Rostock Medical Centre, Rostock University, 18057 Rostock, Germany.

|February 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mice disrupts microglial cell shape and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling. These changes in glial cells and TGF-β pathways may contribute to AD development.

Keywords:

3D morphology APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s disease SMAD proteins TGF-β confocal microscopy microglia neuroinflammation

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Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

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Published on: January 30, 2014

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Last Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Immunofluorescence Staining Using IBA1 and TMEM119 for Microglial Density, Morphology and Peripheral Myeloid Cell Infiltration Analysis in Mouse Brain

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Published on: October 27, 2019

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

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Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Published on: January 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cell Biology
Pathology

Background:

Aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are linked to significant alterations in glial cell structure and function.
Microglia, the brain's immune cells, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling are implicated in AD pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the three-dimensional morphology of microglia.
To examine the intracellular localization of phosphorylated SMAD proteins, key effectors of TGF-β signaling.
To analyze these factors in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model of AD.

Main Methods:

Utilized confocal microscopy for high-resolution imaging of glial cells.
Employed Simple Neurite Tracer software for quantitative analysis of cell morphology.
Performed immunofluorescence staining to detect pSMAD2 protein localization in microglia.

Main Results:

Observed significant alterations in the three-dimensional morphology of microglia in APP/PS1 mice compared to wild-type controls.
Found altered intracellular distribution of phosphorylated SMAD2 (pSMAD2) in microglia.
These findings suggest impaired canonical TGF-β signaling in the AD mouse model.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates disturbed glial cell morphology in the APP/PS1 mouse model.
Dysfunctional TGF-β signaling cascade was identified in microglia within the AD model.
These cellular and signaling disturbances highlight a potential role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.