Recent Advances in Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)-Related Osteoporosis Research

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been widely recognized for its role in reproductive endocrinology and is regarded as one of the "gold standards" for evaluating ovarian age and fertility potential. In recent years, the focus of research on AMH has gradually expanded from the reproductive system to the skeletal system. Although the specific mechanism of its action in bone-metabolism-related diseases and associated signaling pathways still requires in-depth exploration, existing studies have confirmed-through cell experiments, animal models, and clinical data-the important role of AMH in maintaining bone health. Here, the significance of AMH in research on female osteoporosis is reviewed, the current signaling pathway mechanisms by which AMH regulates bone metabolism are summarized, and the relevant clinical research results are discussed. This work features three unique contributions: first, the logical progression of AMH research from reproductive regulation to bone metabolism is explicitly clarified; second, multi-level evidence is integrated to form a complete regulatory network, avoiding fragmented discussions of individual findings; and third, concrete clinical translation pathways and targeted solutions for existing limitations are proposed, rather than merely outlining general directions. This review aims to identify new biomarkers for the early screening of osteoporosis and therapeutic targets, ultimately promoting the formulation of personalized prevention and treatment strategies. Additionally, as a key factor linking ovarian function and bone health, the AMH research concepts and methods summarized herein can be extended to other hormone-related bone metabolism disorders.