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Dose-Dependent Dual Effects of Gradient Ionizing Radiation on Neurocognition
Xiaokun Jian1, Beier Jiang1, Sixu Li2
1Navy Medical Centre, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 27, 2026
Summary
High-dose radiation harms the central nervous system (CNS), causing cognitive decline. Low-dose radiation may offer neuroprotection by activating protective pathways, shifting research towards dynamic homeostasis models for CNS radiation effects.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Radiation Biology
- Toxicology
Background:
- Ionizing radiation (IR) has complex, dose-dependent effects on the central nervous system (CNS).
- Understanding these effects is crucial for managing radiotherapy side effects and exploring therapeutic applications of low-dose radiation (LDR).
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the mechanisms of high-dose radiation (HDR) and LDR on neurocognitive function.
- To provide a framework for understanding radiation's biphasic regulation of neurocognition and guide future research.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of existing literature on IR effects on the CNS.
- Analysis of dose-dependent mechanisms, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroprotection.
Main Results:
- HDR induces DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, leading to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline.
- LDR, within specific thresholds, can activate protective pathways, enhance neural plasticity, and exhibit neuroprotective potential.
- The understanding of radiation's biological effects is evolving from the linear no-threshold (LNT) model to a dynamic homeostasis model.
Conclusions:
- Future research should focus on developing neuroprotective strategies and radioprotective agents for HDR, particularly in radiotherapy.
- Further investigation into LDR's biological effects is needed to explore its potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
- A comprehensive understanding of radiation's biphasic effects is essential for advancing both protective and therapeutic strategies.
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