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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

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Immune Checkpoint Signatures Reveal Stage-Specific Biomarkers for High-Activity Multiple Sclerosis.

MariPaz López-Molina1, Gabriel Torres Iglesias1, Laura Vidal1

  • 1Neurological Sciences and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Neurology and Cerebrovascular Disease Group, Neuroscience Area of Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying immune cell markers like HVEM and CD28 can help distinguish highly active multiple sclerosis (HAMS) patients needing early intensive therapy and predict disease progression. This aids in personalized treatment strategies.

Keywords:
highly active multiple sclerosisimmune checkpointsimmune landscapemultiple sclerosistreatment choice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Early identification of highly active multiple sclerosis (HAMS) is critical for effective treatment.
  • Peripheral immune profiles can potentially differentiate disease stages and predict progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize immune signatures distinguishing HAMS patients at disease onset and later stages.
  • To identify biomarkers predicting disability progression and clinical stability in multiple sclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Spectral flow cytometry was used to analyze peripheral immune cells.
  • Immune cell marker expression (HVEM, CD28, CD70, PD-1) was correlated with disease activity and progression.

Main Results:

  • Decreased HVEM on T helper cells identified early HAMS.
  • Reduced CD28 on T cells indicated therapeutic resistance.
  • Specific immune markers predicted disability progression or clinical stability, independent of relapse activity.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct immune biomarker panels can guide early intervention and identify refractory disease.
  • The immunological landscape of HAMS evolves, with distinct markers for progression.
  • Early identification of progression risk can differentiate disease mechanisms.