Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Characterization of Chemosensory Gene Families in Two Phthorimaea Pests

Insects rely on their olfactory systems for host finding, mate choice, and oviposition. These odor-guided behaviors are mediated by the peripheral chemosensory system. The solanaceous pests Phthorimaea operculella and Phthorimaea absoluta cause severe damage to solanaceous crops worldwide. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the olfactory molecular mechanisms of these two pests. We first screened and identified odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from the genomes of P. operculella and P. absoluta. We then used RNA sequencing to characterize the tissue expression profiles of OBPs, CSPs, and SNMPs in P. operculella across developmental stages and adult chemosensory organs. From P. operculella, 47 OBPs, 26 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified, and from P. absoluta, 39 OBPs, 24 CSPs, and 2 SNMPs were identified. RNA-seq-based expression profiling in P. operculella was used to resolve sex-biased deployment in antennae: DESeq2 analysis (|log₂FC| > 1, FDR < 0.05) identified 24 OBPs and four CSPs with significant sexual dimorphism, with 14 OBPs and four CSPs upregulated in female antennae (FAn) and 10 OBPs and one CSP, together with SNMP2, upregulated in male antennae (MAn). In reproductive tissues (FOv vs. MGe), three OBPs and one CSP were enriched in the female ovipositor (FOv), whereas six OBPs and five CSPs were enriched in male genitalia (MGe), and no SNMPs met the differential-expression threshold. These candidate genes provide molecular entry points for functional studies and for developing behavior-based, environmentally compatible management strategies for P. operculella and P. absoluta.