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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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Frailty and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Narrative Review.

Saam Foroshani1, Kevin S Tang1, Nathan D Wong2

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frailty significantly impacts cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, increasing risks for mortality and adverse events. However, interventions can potentially slow or reverse frailty, improving patient care.

Keywords:
cardiovascular disease outcomescardiovascular risk assessmentfrailty

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Frailty Assessment in an Aging Mouse Model
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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Frailty is a key factor influencing outcomes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
  • Aging populations and increasing cardiometabolic multimorbidity highlight the need to understand frailty's role in CVD.
  • Frailty independently predicts adverse outcomes across various cardiovascular conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on frailty in CVD.
  • To explore definitions, assessment, epidemiology, and mechanisms linking frailty and CVD.
  • To discuss prognostic value and interventions for frailty in CVD management.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review synthesizing contemporary evidence.
  • The review covers frailty definitions, assessment tools, and epidemiological data.
  • Mechanistic pathways, outcomes, prognostic value, and interventions are discussed.

Main Results:

  • Frailty is linked to increased mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), rehospitalization, and reduced quality of life in CVD patients.
  • Shared mechanisms like inflammation, sarcopenia, and endothelial dysfunction connect frailty and CVD.
  • Frailty's prognostic value exceeds traditional risk factors, though assessment tools vary.

Conclusions:

  • Frailty is a critical determinant of CVD outcomes, necessitating tailored risk stratification and patient care.
  • Understanding the bidirectional relationship and shared mechanisms is crucial for managing CVD.
  • Frailty is not immutable; interventions like conditioning can improve frail or prefrail states in CVD patients.