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Updated: Feb 28, 2026

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model
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Current and Emerging Strategies for Myopia Control in Children: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based Review.

Aldo Vagge1,2, Matteo Baldi1,2, Maria Musolino1,2

  • 1University Eye Clinic of Genoa, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 5, 16132 Genoa, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Myopia is a growing global health concern. Effective management strategies, including specialized lenses, contact lenses, low-dose atropine, and lifestyle changes, help slow progression and prevent severe vision loss.

Keywords:
atropineaxial lengthcombination therapycontrast-modulating diffusion opticsdefocus spectacle lensesmyopiamyopia controlorthokeratologyrepeated low-level red-light therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health
  • Pediatric Medicine

Background:

  • Myopia prevalence is a global crisis, especially in East Asia, increasing risks of serious eye conditions.
  • High myopia significantly elevates the lifetime risk of sight-threatening complications like macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current interventions for slowing myopia progression in children.
  • To highlight the importance of proactive myopia management in preventing high myopia and associated complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of behavioral strategies (e.g., outdoor exposure).
  • Analysis of spectacle lens interventions (e.g., DIMS, HALT, CARE, DOT).
  • Evaluation of contact lens modalities (orthokeratology, dual-focus soft lenses), pharmacological therapy (low-dose atropine), and red-light therapy.

Main Results:

  • Increased outdoor time shows protective effects; some historical methods lack clinical benefit.
  • Spectacle and contact lens interventions demonstrate clinically meaningful reductions in axial elongation.
  • Low-dose atropine (0.01%-0.05%) is effective with few side effects; red-light therapy shows promise but needs further study.
  • Combination therapies offer additive benefits for inadequately controlled cases.

Conclusions:

  • Modern myopia management involves risk stratification, individualized treatment, and regular monitoring.
  • The goal is to prevent high myopia and reduce long-term vision impairment through proactive, evidence-based care.