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Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs) offer benefits but pose risks to health and environment. A precautionary approach with risk assessment and monitoring is crucial for safe GMM deployment.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Affordable genetic engineering enables widespread environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs).
  • GMMs, unlike chemicals, are self-replicating and can mutate, posing unique long-term risks.
  • Current international regulations for GMMs lack coordination, with each country responsible for oversight.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review critical risk scenarios associated with GMM environmental release.
  • To highlight potential impacts on human health (microbiome disruption) and ecosystems (super bugs, carbon cycles).
  • To propose a biosafety workflow and advocate for the precautionary principle in GMM regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of GMM risks and regulatory frameworks.
  • Analysis of potential ecological and health consequences of GMMs.
  • Development of a proposed biosafety workflow.

Main Results:

  • GMMs can facilitate horizontal gene transfer, disrupt human microbiomes, and promote antibiotic resistance.
  • Environmental risks include the emergence of 'super bugs' and destabilization of carbon sequestration.
  • Engineered microbial enzymes may contribute to autoimmunity and impact climate resilience.

Conclusions:

  • A proactive biosafety workflow involving pre-release risk assessment and post-release monitoring is essential.
  • International regulatory bodies should adopt the precautionary principle for GMMs.
  • Protecting human health and the environment requires careful management of GMMs.