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Mapping the Second Victim Experience Among Western Nurses: A Scoping Review.

Cristina Costeira1,2,3, Helena Junqueira4, Pedro Quintas5

  • 1School of Health Sciences of Polytechnic University of Leiria (ESSLei), Campus 2, Morro do Lena, Alto do Vieiro, Apartado 4137, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal.

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Nurses experiencing the second victim phenomenon face inadequate support, leading to distress and negative consequences. Improved, accessible support systems are crucial for their well-being and professional retention.

Keywords:
adverse effectsmedical errorsnurseoccupational stresspatient safetypsychological traumasecond victim phenomenonsecond victim syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Professionals
  • Nursing
  • Patient Safety

Background:

  • The second victim phenomenon significantly impacts nurses post-adverse events.
  • Nurses, as second victims, experience emotional and psychological distress.
  • Existing support for second victims is often insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map recent evidence on the second victim phenomenon among nurses in Western countries.
  • To identify the challenges and consequences faced by nurses as second victims.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive Scoping Review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.
  • Searches were performed across major databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SciELO, Scopus).
  • Data were synthesized using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

Main Results:

  • 39 articles met inclusion criteria, revealing widespread second victim experiences.
  • Support programs for nurses are often perceived as inadequate or inconsistently applied.
  • Second victim phenomenon is linked to physical, emotional, and psychological symptoms, impacting retention and well-being.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for enhanced, accessible, and consistently implemented support strategies.
  • Addressing the second victim phenomenon is essential for nurse well-being and healthcare system stability.
  • Further research should focus on developing and evaluating effective interventions for second victim nurses.