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High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
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Human-AI attachment: how humans develop intimate relationships with AI.

Cong Shu1, Kaisheng Lai2, Lingnan He3

  • 1China Mobile Internet Company, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human-AI Attachment (HAIA) is a one-way emotional bond individuals form with AI. This paper introduces a three-stage model for HAIA development and discusses its implications for AI design and user reliance.

Keywords:
developmental stage modelemotional bondhuman-AI attachmentparasocial attachmentparasocial interactionparasocial relationship

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Artificial Intelligence Ethics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into social and emotional companionship roles necessitates understanding human-AI relationships.
  • Human-AI Attachment (HAIA) is defined as a non-reciprocal emotional bond individuals develop towards AI systems.
  • Existing research lacks a comprehensive framework for understanding the development and dynamics of HAIA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and characterize Human-AI Attachment (HAIA).
  • To propose a developmental model for HAIA.
  • To explore the implications of HAIA for AI design and user well-being.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of existing literature on human-AI interaction and attachment theory.
  • Development of a three-stage model for HAIA: functional expectation, emotional evaluation, and establishing representations.
  • Discussion of the theoretical framework and its practical applications.

Main Results:

  • HAIA is a distinct phenomenon characterized by a one-way emotional connection from humans to AI.
  • A three-stage developmental model (functional expectation, emotional evaluation, establishing representations) is proposed for HAIA.
  • HAIA offers a framework for designing emotionally capable AI but also poses risks of over-reliance.

Conclusions:

  • HAIA is a critical area for understanding human-AI interaction in social and emotional contexts.
  • The proposed model provides a foundation for future research and AI design.
  • Further investigation into HAIA's conceptual structure, measurement, and generational differences is warranted.