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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...

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A compact cryogen-free continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration platform for quantum technology

P Schüßler1, R A Chandavar1, S I Afroozeh Borjeni1

  • 1kiutra GmbH, Flößergasse 2, 81369 Munich, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|February 27, 2026
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Summary

A new compact, cryogen-free cooling platform uses a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (cADR) to achieve sub-30 mK temperatures for quantum hardware. This technology enables scalable quantum processors without helium-3, meeting space constraints.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Computing
  • Cryogenics
  • Low-Temperature Physics

Background:

  • Quantum hardware requires ultra-low temperatures for operation.
  • Traditional cryogenic systems often rely on helium-3, posing infrastructure and cost challenges.
  • Developing compact, cryogen-free cooling is crucial for scalable quantum applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a compact, fully cryogen-free cooling platform for quantum hardware.
  • To showcase the performance of a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (cADR) for quantum applications.
  • To provide a foundation for future quantum hardware platforms with limited space and infrastructure.

Main Methods:

  • Design and implementation of a four-stage continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (cADR).
  • Integration of mechanical and superconducting heat switches for thermal cycling.
  • Incorporation of high-density radio frequency (RF) wiring for quantum processor control and readout.

Main Results:

  • Achieved continuous cooling below 30 mK without helium-3.
  • Demonstrated a compact, single-rack form factor.
  • Successfully integrated infrastructure for a five-qubit superconducting quantum processor.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (cADR) technology can be realized in a compact form factor.
  • The developed platform is suitable for quantum hardware applications with stringent space and infrastructure constraints.
  • This technology serves as a basis for future, scalable quantum computing platforms.