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Comparing 3D-Milled Wax Patterns to Hand Crafted Wax Patterns - An In-vitro Study.

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Indian Journal of Dental Research : Official Publication of Indian Society for Dental Research
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology provides superior precision in fabricating dental wax patterns compared to traditional handmade methods. CAD/CAM significantly reduces dimensional variability, enhancing prosthetic accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Prosthodontics
  • Manufacturing technology

Background:

  • Accurate fabrication of dental prosthetics relies on precise wax patterns.
  • Traditional handmade techniques may introduce variability in wax pattern dimensions.
  • Advancements in digital dentistry offer potential improvements in fabrication precision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the dimensional precision of wax patterns created with Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) versus traditional handmade methods.
  • To evaluate key parameters influencing prosthetic accuracy, including thickness and cement gap.
  • To determine if CAD/CAM technology offers superior accuracy for dental wax patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve wax patterns were fabricated: six by hand and six using CAD/CAM technology (3 Shape software) on a mandibular molar preparation.
  • Nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) was employed for high-resolution scanning of all patterns.
  • Key dimensional parameters including buccal thickness, occlusal thickness, and associated cement gaps were measured and statistically analyzed.

Main Results:

  • CAD/CAM-fabricated wax patterns demonstrated statistically significant improvements in precision.
  • Occlusal thickness was notably reduced in CAD/CAM patterns (26 ± 2 mm) compared to handmade (72 ± 5 mm, P < 0.01).
  • Buccal thickness was more consistent with CAD/CAM (24 ± 3 mm) than handmade patterns (33 ± 4 mm, P < 0.01), while cement gaps remained comparable.

Conclusions:

  • CAD/CAM technology significantly enhances the precision of wax pattern fabrication for dental prosthetics.
  • This digital approach reduces dimensional variability compared to traditional handmade techniques.
  • CAD/CAM ensures maintained fit quality while improving overall fabrication accuracy.