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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Electromagnetic Waves01:30

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James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
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Magnetic Field Lines01:19

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The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
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Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

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Lightning-generated waves detected at Mars.

František Němec1, Kateřina Rosická1,2, Ivana Kolmašová1,2

  • 1Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

Science Advances
|February 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists detected lightning-generated electromagnetic waves in Mars's ionosphere using the MAVEN spacecraft. This provides evidence for electrical discharges, or lightning, occurring in the Martian atmosphere.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Lightning is confirmed on Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune via electromagnetic waves.
  • The presence of lightning on Venus and Mars is currently unconfirmed.
  • Understanding planetary lightning provides insights into atmospheric dynamics and electrical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential occurrence of lightning on Mars.
  • To analyze electromagnetic wave signals detected in the Martian ionosphere.
  • To provide direct evidence for or against electrical discharges on Mars.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from NASA's MAVEN spacecraft.
  • Detected and analyzed a frequency-dispersed whistler signal in the Martian ionosphere.
  • Modeled wave propagation from the Martian atmosphere to the spacecraft.
  • Incorporated realistic crustal magnetic field and ionospheric models for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Observed a frequency-dispersed whistler signal, indicative of lightning-generated electromagnetic waves.
  • Demonstrated the plausibility of wave propagation from the Martian atmosphere to the MAVEN spacecraft.
  • Showed that the observed signal dispersion aligns with theoretical expectations based on Martian models.
  • Attribution of the signal to an impulsive source in the Martian atmosphere.

Conclusions:

  • The detected whistler provides direct evidence for electromagnetic waves originating from an impulsive source on Mars.
  • These findings strongly suggest that electrical discharges, akin to lightning, may occur in the Martian atmosphere.
  • This discovery opens new avenues for studying atmospheric electricity on other planets.