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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
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Percolation threshold for vertical fluid flow through granular sea ice.

Kenneth M Golden1, Cynthia M Furse2, Adam Gully3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 155 S 1400 E RM 233, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0090, USA. ken.golden@utah.edu.

Scientific Reports
|March 1, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sea ice permeability, crucial for polar ecosystems, differs between columnar and granular ice types. Granular sea ice exhibits a higher threshold for fluid flow, impacting climate and ecological models.

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Area of Science:

  • * Polar marine science
  • * Sea ice physics
  • * Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • * Fluid permeability in sea ice influences key physical and biological processes, including melt pond dynamics, snow-ice formation, and nutrient supply for algae.
  • * Sea ice exists in columnar and granular forms, each with distinct microstructures and fluid flow characteristics.
  • * Granular sea ice, prevalent in Antarctica and increasingly in the Arctic, possesses unique properties affecting its permeability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate and compare the fluid permeability thresholds of columnar and granular sea ice.
  • * To determine the critical exponent for permeability as a function of porosity in different sea ice types.
  • * To assess the implications of sea ice microstructure on fluid flow for polar environmental modeling.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of fluid flow data collected from sea ice off the coast of East Antarctica.
  • * Application of percolation theory to model permeability as a function of porosity.
  • * Comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions for universal critical exponents.

Main Results:

  • * Columnar sea ice shows a permeability threshold around 5% brine volume fraction for bulk vertical flow.
  • * Granular sea ice exhibits a higher threshold, approximately 10% brine volume fraction, for bulk vertical flow.
  • * Percolation theory accurately predicts the universal critical exponent for permeability in both ice types above their respective thresholds, aligning with observed data.

Conclusions:

  • * The microstructure of sea ice significantly alters the threshold for fluid permeability.
  • * Granular sea ice has a greater capacity for fluid flow than columnar ice at similar porosities.
  • * Findings necessitate the consideration of sea ice microstructure, particularly granular ice, in physical and ecological models of polar environments.