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Invasive Procedures in Interventional Pulmonology: A Narrative Review of Educational Evidence-Based Step-By-Step

Kristoffer Mazanti Cold1

  • 1Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen; kristoffer.mazanti.cold.01@regionh.dk.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights standardized methods for minimally invasive lung cancer diagnosis. Simulation-based training and AI integration are key to improving procedural safety and diagnostic accuracy in interventional pulmonology.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Medical Education
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Lung cancer is a leading global cause of cancer mortality.
  • Accurate diagnosis and staging are crucial for effective treatment.
  • Minimally invasive procedures are increasingly preferred for lung cancer diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review standardized, step-wise approaches for minimally invasive lung cancer diagnostic procedures.
  • To discuss the role of simulation and emerging technologies in training and competency assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of standardized approaches in flexible bronchoscopy, EBUS, EUS, rEBUS, electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, cryobiopsy, and transthoracic lung biopsy.
  • Discussion of traditional versus modern training methodologies, including simulation and AI.

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Main Results:

  • Standardized protocols are essential for improving patient safety, diagnostic accuracy, and procedural consistency.
  • Traditional apprenticeship models are insufficient for ensuring expertise; simulation-based training is recommended.
  • Artificial intelligence shows potential in enhancing training, navigation, and performance evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating validated training protocols, simulation, and AI is crucial for standardizing interventional pulmonology education.
  • These advancements aim to improve patient care and outcomes in lung cancer diagnosis and staging.