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Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
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Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

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The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
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Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

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Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
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Updated: Mar 4, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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One-Dimensional and Pseudo-Two-Dimensional Helicene Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Zhibin Tian1, Xingyao Ye2, Shanshan Tao2

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel 1D covalent organic frameworks using V-shaped helicene units. These frameworks unexpectedly form interpenetrated belts, enabling chiral sorting and efficient photocatalysis for hydrogen peroxide production.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers.
  • Conventional COF design typically follows predictable topological rules.
  • Helicene units offer unique structural and electronic properties for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize unconventional 1D covalent organic frameworks (COFs).
  • To explore the self-assembly of helicene-based COFs into higher-dimensional structures.
  • To investigate the photocatalytic activity of these novel frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of V-shaped carbazole-fused helicene units.
  • Condensation reactions with C2-symmetric π-knots to form 1D COFs.
  • Characterization of framework structure, including interpenetration and chiral sorting.
  • Evaluation of photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of 1D COFs from topologically forbidden V-shaped helicenes.
  • Formation of 2-fold-interpenetrated 1D belt architectures with chiral sorting of helicene isomers.
  • Assembly into pseudo-2D frameworks facilitating charge transport.
  • Visible-light-driven photocatalysis for hydrogen peroxide production without metal catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated a new approach to designing unconventional 1D and pseudo-2D COFs.
  • Established a chiral-sorted, interpenetrated framework with potential for advanced applications.
  • Developed a metal-free photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen peroxide generation from water and oxygen.