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Digital Health Interventions in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Impact on Clinical

Eirena Beh1,2, Jiaying Lin1,2, Geraldyn Leong1,2

  • 1Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore, 65 87900567.

JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth
|March 3, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Mobile health apps show promise for improving pediatric type 1 diabetes management, particularly when incorporating social cognitive theory principles. Further research with standardized outcomes is needed for broader impact.

Area of Science:

  • Digital health interventions
  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Behavioral science

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) self-management in children and adolescents is challenging.
  • Mobile health (mHealth) interventions offer potential support for pediatric diabetes care.
  • The clinical impact and behavioral mechanisms of mHealth interventions, especially those based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of mHealth apps for pediatric T1DM management.
  • To analyze the integration of SCT principles within these mHealth interventions.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive scoping review of 5 databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus) was performed for studies published between January 2000 and July 2024.
  • Studies evaluating mHealth apps for individuals aged 18 years or younger with T1DM were included.
  • Data extraction focused on clinical outcomes (e.g., glycemic control, self-efficacy) and the presence of SCT constructs (self-efficacy, behavioral capability, expectations, reinforcements, reciprocal determinism).

Main Results:

  • Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, utilizing various designs including randomized controlled trials and pilot studies.
  • App features commonly included glucose logging, insulin tracking, reminders, and educational content.
  • Four of nine studies reported statistically significant improvements in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c); several studies noted enhanced treatment adherence and self-efficacy. Most interventions incorporated SCT constructs, with behavioral capability and self-efficacy being prevalent.

Conclusions:

  • mHealth apps for pediatric T1DM are complex behavioral interventions often utilizing SCT principles.
  • Evidence suggests modest benefits in glycemic control and behavioral outcomes, but study heterogeneity limits generalizability.
  • Future research should focus on developing and evaluating SCT-informed digital interventions with standardized outcome measures to enhance pediatric diabetes care.
Abstract

Keywords:
diabetesdiabetes mellitusdigital healtheHealthmhealthmobile healthpediatric diabetespediatricstype 1 diabetes

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