An evaluation of flipped classroom-based anatomy teaching in medical students

Anatomy education forms a cornerstone of medical curricula, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical understanding. The flipped classroom model, an innovative and interactive pedagogical strategy, has gained increasing attention for promoting active learning, engagement, and long-term knowledge retention. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the flipped classroom model on learning performance, student engagement, and perceptions of digital learning tools in anatomy education.

A total of 194 second- and third-year medical students participated during the 2024-2025 academic year (94 second-year and 100 third-year students). Flipped classroom sessions focused on the cerebral hemispheres (second year) and the pelvis and perineum (third year). Preparatory materials were provided via Moodle at least 15 days before the sessions. Student performance was assessed through a 20-question formative quiz graded out of 10 marks and related items in the final committee examination. Post-session perceptions were gathered using a 14-item Likert-scale questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests.

Average quiz scores were 8.4 for second-year and 8.3 for third-year students, while committee exam accuracy was 78% and 70.06%, respectively. Over 75% of students reported that the flipped classroom enhanced their understanding and engagement. Significant differences were observed between year groups in enjoyment (p = 0.004) and perceived support for independent learning (p = 0.004). More than 70% agreed that digital anatomy resources improved comprehension and confidence.

The flipped classroom model enhances engagement, independent learning, and comprehension in anatomy education. This digitally supported, student-centred approach promotes deeper cognitive involvement and supports the integration of hybrid learning models into future curricula.