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Updated: May 5, 2026

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model
Published on: January 12, 2022
Risk Factors for Long COVID Among Individuals with Noninfectious Uveitis in a Large United States Claims Database
Anika Kumar1, Emily Tang1, Xinyi Xu1
1F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Purpose:
Patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) may be more susceptible to complications of COVID-19, including long COVID, yet limited research has evaluated this outcome in NIU populations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of long COVID among individuals with NIU in the United States.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using de-identified data from a large healthcare claims database. A time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to estimate the effects of various risk factors on the development of long COVID. Models were adjusted for use of systemic corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive medications, comorbidities, COVID-19 vaccination status, and demographic variables.
Results:
The study population consisted of 63 220 individuals with NIU (mean age (SD) = 62.9 (17.4) years, 60.7% female). There were 621 (0.096%) documented cases of long COVID across 100 105.6 person-years, representing an incidence rate of 6.2 cases of long COVID per 1000 person-years. Exposure to systemic corticosteroids was associated with an average increased risk of long COVID (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.45, 95% CI: 2.68-4.46, p < 0.001). Additionally, COVID-19-related hospitalizations, increased healthcare utilization, and having baseline asthma and mental health disorders were also associated with an average increased risk of long COVID (all p < 0.003). Male sex, topical or local corticosteroid exposure, and COVID-19 vaccination were associated with an average decreased risk of long COVID (all p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
This large population-based study identified key risk and protective factors for long COVID among patients with NIU. Findings suggest that systemic corticosteroid-induced immune dysregulation may increase vulnerability to long COVID in individuals with severe uveitis.
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