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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

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Integrated Photoacoustic Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Published on: January 15, 2013
Integrated LC-OCT/Raman Microspectroscopy: A Novel Diagnostic Approach in Ophthalmology Demonstrated in a Case Study
Ayadh Meriem1, Dorado Cortez Christian1, Ogien Jonas2
1Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.
Journal of Biophotonics
|March 3, 2026
Abstract:
Integrated LC-OCT and Raman microspectroscopy enable the non-invasive identification of conjunctival hydroxyapatite calcifications, providing a dual morphological and molecular diagnostic approach. This bimodal technique successfully identifies microcrystals that are often undetectable by conventional histology due to their solubility and weak birefringence.
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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview
A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

