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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Global Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease (1990-2021), Attributable Risk Factors, and Future Projections.

Yuping Zou1, Siyu Wei1, Qinduo Ren1

  • 1College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.

JACC. Basic to Translational Science
|March 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a significant global health issue. Despite declining mortality, RHD incidence is projected to rise, necessitating urgent, targeted interventions for this chronic valvular disorder.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationglobal healthrheumatic heart disease

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Epidemiology
  • Global Health
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease Research

Background:

  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic valvular heart condition resulting from acute rheumatic fever.
  • It primarily impacts the mitral valve, leading to thickening and dysfunction.
  • Understanding RHD's global burden is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the global burden of RHD using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021.
  • To investigate trends in RHD incidence, prevalence, DALYs, and mortality from 1990 to 2021.
  • To explore RHD risk factors and project future trends.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2021) data.
  • Analyzed trends across regions, countries, sex, age, and sociodemographic index.
  • Employed two-sample Mendelian randomization to identify causal risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Observed a slight increase in age-standardized RHD prevalence and incidence rates.
  • Reported a decline in RHD mortality and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rates.
  • Identified high systolic blood pressure and high body mass index as causal risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • RHD continues to impose a substantial global burden.
  • Future projections indicate a persistent increase in RHD incidence from 2022 to 2050.
  • Targeted interventions are essential to mitigate the ongoing and future impact of RHD.