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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts
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Mechanically Preconditioned Biomimetic Gradient Scaffold for Tendon-to-Bone Regeneration in a Rabbit Rotator Cuff

Yang Chen1,2, Yexin Li1,2, Dilihumaer Aili3,2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanically preconditioned scaffolds with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets (BMSCS) significantly improved tendon-bone interface healing after rotator cuff injury. This biomimetic strategy enhances cellular integration and biomechanical strength, potentially reducing retear risk.

Keywords:
cell sheetmechanical stimulationrotator cuff teartendon-bone interfacetissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Tendon-bone interface (TBI) healing post-rotator cuff injury is often limited by scar formation.
  • Decellularized tendon fibrocartilage-bone composite (dTFBC) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets (BMSCS) show promise in preclinical repair models.
  • Full scaffold encapsulation combined with mechanical preconditioning for TBI regeneration remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of mechanically preconditioned, BMSCS-encapsulated dTFBC scaffolds in promoting TBI regeneration.
  • To assess the impact of mechanical preconditioning on scaffold integration and healing outcomes in a rabbit rotator cuff injury model.

Main Methods:

  • A controlled laboratory study involving 48 rabbits with rotator cuff injuries.
  • Randomization into four groups: standard repair, dTFBC scaffold, dTFBC-BMSCS scaffold, and mechanically preconditioned dTFBC-BMSCS scaffold (mdTFBC-BMSCS).
  • Assessment at 12 weeks included gross observation, histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and biomechanical testing.

Main Results:

  • The mdTFBC-BMSCS group exhibited significantly higher ultimate failure load compared to control and dTFBC groups (203.9 N vs. 118 N and 127 N, respectively).
  • Histological analysis revealed enhanced fibrocartilage formation, improved collagen organization, and reduced inflammation in the mdTFBC-BMSCS group.
  • Immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of collagen type II, IL-10, and arginase 1 in the mdTFBC-BMSCS group.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanically preconditioned, BMSCS-encapsulated dTFBC scaffolds effectively promote TBI regeneration.
  • This approach enhances cellular integration, fibrocartilage formation, and biomechanical properties at the TBI.
  • The biomimetic scaffold strategy holds potential for improving rotator cuff repair and reducing retear incidence.