Contemporary Clinical Practices in Anticoagulation Management During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Europe-Wide Survey

Clinical practice in anticoagulation management, particularly in heparin administration, monitoring, reversal and haemostasis, is known to differ significantly. To better characterize this variability, we conducted a Europe-wide survey aimed at mapping current practices, identifying areas of consensus and divergence and guiding future research and standardization efforts.

A 27-question electronic questionnaire was designed by an expert panel and distributed across European cardiac surgery centres with a snowball sampling method. Results were examined via descriptive statistics, with categorical variables shown as percentages and 95% CIs.

A total of 114 centres from 29 countries completed the questionnaire between February and April 2025. Most centres were high-volume institutions (>500 cases/year, 59.6%) and reported the use of written heparinization protocols (78.1%)-initial heparin dose of 300 IU/kg in 61.4%. Many used normothermic perfusion (52.6%). Pre-cardiopulmonary bypass activated clotting time (ACT) targets varied from 400 s (41.2%) to 480 s (38.6%). There was significant heterogeneity in reversal practices: heparin: protamine ratios were 1:1 in 57.0%, <1:1 in 36.8%, and >1:1 in 6.1%. Universal post-reversal ACT target was absent in 70.2%, with 78.1% using an ACT value close to baseline. Although almost all centres (90.4%) had viscoelastic testing, clinical criteria alone were used in 48.2% to guide transfusion decisions. Only 83.3% of centres had any explicit protocol for managing high-bleeding-risk patients.

While essential heparinization practices demonstrate consensus across Europe, heterogeneity exists in anticoagulation reversal strategies and haemostasis monitoring. However, significant variability remains in protamine dosing, post-reversal monitoring, and the use of viscoelastic assays, representing an opportunity to optimize patient care.