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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Warm Moxibustion and Scraping as a Traditional Chinese Medicine Therapy for Cervical Spondylosis Treatment
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Alexander Technique vs. Targeted Exercise for Neck Pain-A Preliminary Comparison.

Jordan J Becker1,2, Tara L McIsaac3, Shawn L Copeland4

  • 1Department of Psychology & Communication, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.

Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alexander Technique classes effectively reduced chronic neck pain, similar to exercise. The Alexander Technique appeared to work through different mechanisms, potentially by reducing muscle tension.

Keywords:
CCFTcranio-cervical flexion testelectromyographyexerciseintegrative medicinemuscle fatigueposturerehabilitationself-careself-efficacy

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Area of Science:

  • Mind-body therapies
  • Pain management
  • Musculoskeletal health

Background:

  • Alexander Technique (AT) is known to reduce chronic neck pain.
  • AT mechanisms differ from exercise.
  • Group AT classes offer a cost-effective approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare the effectiveness of group AT classes versus exercise for chronic neck pain.
  • Investigate potential differences in mechanisms of action.

Main Methods:

  • Two-group pre-test/post-test design with 16 participants with chronic neck pain.
  • Interventions included 5 weeks of general AT classes or neck-pain-focused exercise classes.
  • Assessed neck pain/disability, pain self-efficacy, sternocleidomastoid muscle activation, and posture.

Main Results:

  • Both groups reported reduced neck pain and disability.
  • Decreased sternocleidomastoid muscle activation was observed only in the AT group.
  • Posture and pain self-efficacy changes were not detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Group AT classes are as effective as exercise for reducing chronic neck pain.
  • AT may alleviate neck pain through distinct mechanisms compared to exercise.
  • Further large-scale, multi-site research is warranted.