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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Updated: Mar 7, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Promoted CO2 Electrolysis to Formic Acid Using Single Atom Cobalt Alloyed Tin.

Jing Xue1,2, Bifa Ji3, Kexin Zhong2

  • 1Hefei National Research Center For Physical Sciences At the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel single-atom alloy catalyst (Co1Sn) efficiently converts CO2 to formate using renewable electricity. This breakthrough achieves high selectivity and durability, paving the way for carbon-neutral chemical production.

Keywords:
CO2 reduction reactionformate/formic acidporous solid electrolyte reactorsingle atom alloy

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrochemical CO2 reduction is key for carbon-neutral chemicals.
  • Tin-based catalysts show formate selectivity but require high overpotentials and lack durability.
  • Existing catalysts struggle with the rate-selectivity-durability trade-off.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly selective and durable catalyst for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate.
  • To investigate the mechanism behind enhanced catalytic performance.
  • To demonstrate continuous formic acid production.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a single-atom alloy catalyst (Co1Sn) with isolated cobalt atoms in a tin matrix.
  • Electrochemical testing at high current densities (-1 A cm-2).
  • In situ spectroscopy and theoretical simulations to understand catalytic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Co1Sn catalyst achieved near-unity formate selectivity (up to 99%) at current densities over -1 A cm-2.
  • Maintained >92% formate selectivity across a wide current density range (-100 to -1000 mA cm-2).
  • Enabled 130 hours of continuous formic acid production with ~95% Faradaic efficiency in a reactor.

Conclusions:

  • Single-atom alloying strategy effectively resolves the rate-selectivity-durability trade-off in formic acid electrosynthesis.
  • Co1Sn catalyst enhances CO2 activation and lowers energy barriers for formate generation.
  • This approach offers a viable route for sustainable production of carbon-neutral chemicals.