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Related Concept Videos

Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

1.5K
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:40

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Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Strong Acid and Base Solutions

37.0K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Decoupling Zeolite-Confined Hydrated Protons from Bulk Alkalinity for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution.

Tian Ke1,2, Qingju Wang2, Kevin Siniard2

  • 1Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study creates localized acidic conditions in alkaline solutions using zeolites to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This breakthrough boosts catalyst performance, enabling efficient energy conversion.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Proton scarcity in alkaline media hinders proton-coupled reactions like the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Developing efficient HER catalysts is crucial for sustainable energy technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a confined acidic microenvironment within alkaline solutions.
  • To enhance proton availability for reactions like HER.
  • To develop advanced catalysts for efficient energy conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ultramicroporous Brønsted acidic zeolites to stabilize hydrated protons via size-exclusion.
  • Employed in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and first-principles simulations.
  • Applied inelastic neutron scattering and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for confirmation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the stabilization and transport of hydrated protons in alkaline media.
  • Developed a composite catalyst showing a 19-25% reduction in overpotential.
  • Achieved a 20-fold enhancement in Pt mass activity and accelerated kinetics compared to commercial Pt/C.

Conclusions:

  • Established a framework for decoupling local proton activity from bulk pH.
  • Opened new pathways for HER and other proton-coupled reactions in alkaline environments.
  • Showcased the potential of confined acidic microenvironments for catalysis.