Evaluation of sternoclavicular joint infection in adults, 2020 to 2025

Sternoclavicular joint infection (SCJI) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that accounts for <1% of all joint infections. Due to its nonspecific presentation and diverse microbiological causes, SCJI poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

We conducted a retrospective review of 45 cases of SCJI reported between January 2020 and March 2025. Relevant cases were identified through a PubMed search. Demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory data, microbiology, comorbidities, treatment modalities, and outcomes were descriptively analyzed.

Of the 45 patients, 22 were male and 23 were female. Geographically, the highest numbers of cases were reported from the United States (13) and Japan (10). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, followed by Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. Notably, 40% of the patients presented with fever, and 65% to 77% developed bacteremia. Comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and malignancy were prevalent. Surgical intervention, particularly en bloc resection with or without muscle flap closure, was performed in severe cases, whereas others were successfully managed with antibiotics alone.

SCJI affects a broad demographic and is associated with various pathogens and significant comorbidities. Early recognition and tailored treatment strategies are critical for improving outcomes. Standardized guidelines and further prospective studies are essential to optimize the management of this rare but serious infection.