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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Smart and Flexible Optical Solar Reflectors for Passive Radiative Cooling Regulation in Space Using a W:VO2

Mirko Simeoni1, Kai Sun2, Alessandro Urbani1

  • 1Consorzio C.R.E.O. L'Aquila Italy.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a flexible, smart optical solar reflector (meta-OSR) using W:VO2 metasurfaces for spacecraft thermal management. The meta-OSR offers adaptive emission and passes space qualification tests, promising for ultralight satellites.

Keywords:
metasurfaceoptical solar reflectorradiative coolingthermal coatingvanadium dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Aerospace Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Passive thermal management is crucial for spacecraft.
  • Smart optical solar reflectors (OSRs) with adaptive emission are needed for efficient thermal control.
  • Existing OSRs face challenges in performance and integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible, smart metasurface-based OSR (meta-OSR) for passive spacecraft thermal management.
  • To demonstrate a meta-OSR with temperature-adaptive radiative emission around room temperature.
  • To assess the performance and space-readiness of the fabricated meta-OSR.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a W:VO2-based metasurface integrated with a low emissivity solar reflector.
  • Utilizing nanoimprint lithography and a low-temperature W:VO2 process.
  • Testing the meta-OSR's optical properties, transition temperature, and performance under space qualification conditions.

Main Results:

  • The smart meta-OSR exhibits a solar absorption of 0.22 and high-temperature emissivity of 0.8.
  • Achieved an infrared emissivity contrast of 0.33 and a transition temperature (T_MIT) of 30°C.
  • Demonstrated large-area (10x10 cm2) fabrication on polyimide, passing rigorous space qualification tests with negligible degradation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed smart meta-OSR offers significant weight reduction and easy integration for spacecraft.
  • The device is production-ready and demonstrates robust performance under space environmental conditions.
  • This technology represents a next-generation thermal control solution for ultralight spacecraft and small satellites.