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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

4.0K
Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Retarders01:19

Retarders

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Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

11.9K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
11.9K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

3.0K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
3.0K
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

21.7K
Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder
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Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder

Published on: May 22, 2014

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Boron-based fire retardancy for natural polymeric materials.

Xuan Wang1, Sheldon Q Shi1

  • 1Mechanical Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Boron compounds enhance fire safety in natural materials, transitioning from simple additives to integral structural components. This review explores boron

Keywords:
bio-compositesboron-based fire retardancychar formationlignocellulosenatural polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • The global bioeconomy relies on natural polymers, but their flammability hinders widespread adoption.
  • Developing effective fire retardancy solutions for bio-derived materials is crucial for sustainability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in boron-based fire retardancy for natural materials.
  • To analyze the evolution of boron chemistry applications from macro-scale to molecular-level engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of boron chemistry applications in diverse natural materials.
  • Analysis of boron's dual role as a catalyst and physical barrier.
  • Examination of boron integration strategies (mineralization, grafting, crosslinking, sol-gel) tailored to material constraints.

Main Results:

  • Boron compounds effectively reduce flammability by promoting dehydration, char formation, and creating physical barriers.
  • Innovative boron applications include in situ mineralization in wood, borate ester crosslinks in composites, sol-gel architectures in textiles, and stabilization of nanocellulose aerogels.
  • Strategies address challenges like water solubility and leaching, leading to enhanced durability and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Boron chemistry offers a safe and sustainable pathway to high-performance, fire-retardant natural materials.
  • Molecular-level engineering and tailored integration are key to unlocking boron's full potential.
  • Further research is needed to overcome remaining challenges and fully realize these applications.