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When Do Generics Feel Justifiable? A Registered Report Bridging Key Theories.

Felix Hermans1, Walter Schaeken1, Susanne Bruckmüller2

  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.

Journal of Cognition
|March 9, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People judge bare plural generics based on both the usefulness of the information and statistical properties of the feature distribution. This study clarifies cognitive mechanisms behind generic statements, impacting understanding of stereotypes and misinformation.

Keywords:
CategorisationMathematical modelingSemanticsSentence processingSocial cognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Bare plural generics attribute features to categories without quantifying members.
  • Generic statements can perpetuate stereotypes and misinformation.
  • Disagreement exists on criteria for justifying generic statements, with pragmatic and statistical theories proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare predictions of pragmatic and statistical theories of generic justification.
  • To investigate cognitive mechanisms underlying the judgment of generic statements.
  • To examine how feature dangerousness, absolute prevalence, and relative prevalence influence generic justifiability.

Main Methods:

  • A registered within-participants study was conducted.
  • Participants judged the justifiability of generics attributed to fictitious groups.
  • Feature dangerousness, absolute prevalence, and relative prevalence were independently manipulated.

Main Results:

  • The study design allowed for testing divergent predictions from pragmatic and statistical theories.
  • Specific patterns of main and interaction effects were analyzed to evaluate theories.
  • The relative merit of influential theories on generic reasoning was examined.

Conclusions:

  • The findings elucidate the cognitive mechanisms underlying generic justifiability.
  • This research contributes to understanding how people reason with and justify generic statements.
  • The study provides insights into the interplay of pragmatic and statistical factors in generic language use.