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Super-Resolution Imaging With Fluorotellurite Glass Microspheres.

Haonan Zhuo1,2, Shengchuang Bai2, Zhouyi Yu2

  • 1Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
|March 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-refractive-index fluorotellurite glass microspheres enable super-resolution optical nanoscopy, achieving 50 nm resolution. These microspheres offer a versatile platform for advanced nanoscale imaging and potential applications in deep-tissue microscopy.

Keywords:
fluorotellurite glassmicrospheresuper‐resolution imagingultramicroscopic objective

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Nanoscopy
  • Materials Science
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Conventional optical microscopy is limited by diffraction.
  • Microsphere-lens-assisted optical nanoscopy overcomes diffraction limits.
  • High-refractive-index materials are crucial for advanced nanoscopy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fluorotellurite (TBY) glass microspheres for optical nanoscopy.
  • To characterize their optical properties and focusing capabilities.
  • To demonstrate their application in super-resolution imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of TBY glass microspheres using a floating-zone melting technique.
  • Characterization of microsphere properties (sphericity, surface, size, refractive index, transmittance).
  • Ray-tracing and electromagnetic simulations for near-field focusing analysis.
  • Super-resolution imaging of nanoscale samples (anodic aluminum oxide, gratings).
  • Development of an ultramicroscopic objective (UO) module.

Main Results:

  • TBY microspheres exhibit excellent sphericity, ultra-smooth surfaces, and diameters from 10-200 μm.
  • Refractive index of ~1.9 and up to 85% visible transmittance.
  • Demonstrated super-resolution imaging with 50 nm resolution and ~4.34× magnification.
  • Identified critical influence of image-plane selection and axial alignment on image quality.
  • Developed a reusable UO module compatible with commercial microscopes.

Conclusions:

  • TBY glass microspheres are effective for super-resolution optical nanoscopy.
  • Optimized microsphere parameters and alignment are key for high-quality imaging.
  • The developed UO module offers practical advantages for nanoscale imaging.
  • Fluorotellurite glass shows potential for deep-tissue, multi-band, and laser micro-machining applications.