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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

16.5K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
16.5K
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

57.9K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
57.9K
RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends02:35

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

7.5K
Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...
7.5K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

10.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
10.0K
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

6.8K
The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
6.8K
Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

3.5K
The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
3.5K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Decoding RNA Methylation's Role in Pancreatic Cancer - A Single-Base Resolution Study
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Author Spotlight: Decoding RNA Methylation's Role in Pancreatic Cancer - A Single-Base Resolution Study

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5-Aza-Cytidine Enhances Terminal Polyadenylation Site Usage for Full-Length Transcripts in Cells.

Samuel Ogunsola1, Ling Liu1, Urmi Das1

  • 1Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Genes to Cells : Devoted to Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms
|March 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The anti-cancer drug 5-aza-cytidine (5-azaC) promotes full-length mRNA production by shifting polyadenylation to genomic terminal exons (GTEs). This reveals a new mechanism of 5-azaC

Keywords:
alternative polyadenylationalternative splicinganti‐cancer druggene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • 5-aza-cytidine (5-azaC) is an anti-cancer drug that inhibits DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs).
  • The precise effects of 5-azaC on gene expression, particularly mRNA processing, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of 5-azaC on mRNA polyadenylation and transcript length.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which 5-azaC influences gene expression in cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of cultured GH3 pituitary tumor cells and MOLM-13 leukemia cells with 5-azaC.
  • Analysis of mRNA polyadenylation site usage and alternative polyadenylation factors via transcriptomic analysis.
  • Examination of the expression levels of mRNA processing factors like Scaf4, Scaf8, E2f2, and PCF11.

Main Results:

  • 5-azaC treatment increases the relative usage of genomic terminal exons (GTEs) across the transcriptome.
  • This shift in polyadenylation from proximal sites to GTEs leads to the production of full-length transcripts.
  • 5-azaC upregulates anti-termination factors (Scaf4, Scaf8) and downregulates an early termination enhancer (E2f2).
  • PCF11, a proximal poly(A) site factor, is upregulated, suggesting a cellular response to counteract transcript lengthening.

Conclusions:

  • 5-azaC promotes terminal polyadenylation site usage, leading to a transcriptome-wide switch from shortened to full-length mRNAs.
  • This mechanism alters alternative 3' exon usage in tumor and cancer cells.
  • Uncovers a novel effect of 5-azaC on gene expression beyond DNMT inhibition.