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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

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Rational Molecular Engineering of NiO_x Interfaces for High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Shiyu Wang¹, Yuliang Che¹, Qingyuan Li¹

¹College of Materials, Fujian Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Electronic Ceramic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics Fibers (Ministry of Education), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|March 10, 2026

Summary

Small molecule N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) enhances nickel oxide (NiO_x) interfaces in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by selectively passivating defects. This improves device efficiency and stability compared to polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

Keywords:

NiOx interfaces passivation solar cells stability

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Nanotechnology

Background:

Nickel oxide (NiO_x) is a key hole-transport material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
Surface defects in NiO_x hinder device performance and long-term stability.
Understanding interfacial dynamics is crucial for optimizing PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanisms of molecular passivators in tailoring NiO_x properties.
To compare the effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) on NiO_x interfaces.
To elucidate how molecular structure influences PSC efficiency and stability.

Main Methods:

Systematic investigation of structural roles of molecular passivators on NiO_x.
Comparative analysis of PVP (polymer) and NMP (small molecule) modifiers.
Performance and stability testing of modified perovskite solar cells.

Main Results:

PVP's steric hindrance creates a barrier, negatively impacting charge transport and crystallization.
NMP's small size and reactivity enable selective passivation, optimizing interfaces and perovskite crystallization.
NMP-modified PSCs achieved a 20.89% power conversion efficiency (PCE), vs. 18.52% for PVP.
NMP-modified devices retained 93% of initial efficiency after 1800 hours of storage.

Conclusions:

Molecular structure dictates interfacial properties and device performance in PSCs.
NMP offers a superior strategy for enhancing NiO_x interfaces compared to PVP.
This study provides guidance for improving PSC efficiency and long-term stability.