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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Tuning Electronic Effects in P-Block Metal-C₆₀ Catalysts for Highly Selective CO₂ Reduction to Formate.

Yukun Xiao^1,2, Jie Chen^2,3, Ganwen Chen²

¹Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 10, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed a new method for electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) using C60 nanosheets to support P-block metals. This strategy enhances catalyst performance, leading to efficient formate production and sustainable chemical synthesis.

Keywords:

P block metal‐C60 electrochemical CO2 reduction formate high current density

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Catalysis

Background:

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) to formate is a key sustainable chemical production method.
Tuning P-block metal active sites for enhanced CO2R activity and selectivity remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a universal strategy for electronically tuning P-block metal catalysts for CO2R.
To improve the activity, selectivity, and stability of P-block metals in CO2 reduction using C60 nanosheets.

Main Methods:

Utilized C60 nanosheets as electron-buffering supports for P-block metal catalysts.
Employed operando infrared spectroscopy to study reaction intermediates.
Conducted fixed-potential density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand electronic effects.

Main Results:

C60 nanosheets supported indium nanoclusters (In-C60) achieved high formate selectivity (93% in alkaline, 97% in acid) across wide current densities.
The In-C60 catalyst demonstrated enhanced stability exceeding 210 hours in alkaline media.
DFT calculations revealed C60's role in tuning electronic states, weakening intermediate binding, and facilitating formate production.

Conclusions:

The C60 nanosheet support strategy provides a generalizable method for enhancing P-block metal electrocatalysts for CO2R.
This approach offers a practical route toward efficient and sustainable chemical production via CO2 electroreduction.