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Visualizing the breakdown of the quantum anomalous Hall effect.

G M Ferguson1, Run Xiao2, Anthony R Richardella2

  • 1Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

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|March 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the breakdown of topological protection is key. This study reveals electron heating causes quantum anomalous Hall effect breakdown in magnetic topological insulators, limited by poor thermal relaxation at low temperatures.

Keywords:
condensed matter physicsmagnetic imagingquantum anomalous Hall effecttopological phases of matter

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Topological materials science

Background:

  • Topological matter offers robust properties but its breakdown mechanisms are unclear.
  • Quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) is a key topological phenomenon.
  • Understanding QAHE breakdown is crucial for practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the current-induced breakdown of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE).
  • To identify the underlying mechanisms responsible for the loss of topological protection.
  • To establish a diagnostic framework for energy relaxation in topological insulators.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized magnetic imaging and global electrical transport measurements.
  • Visualized current density and localized dissipation.
  • Employed local magnetization changes as a proxy for electron temperature.

Main Results:

  • Dissipation emerges at localized hot spots near electrical contacts.
  • Electrons are driven out of equilibrium with the lattice due to heating.
  • Breakdown of QAHE quantization is governed by electron heating.
  • Vanishing thermal relaxation strength at millikelvin temperatures limits QAHE robustness.

Conclusions:

  • Electron heating is the primary cause of QAHE breakdown in magnetic topological insulators.
  • Poor energy relaxation at low temperatures compromises topological protection.
  • Findings provide a framework for diagnosing energy relaxation and enhancing topological robustness.