From awareness to action: Evaluating knowledge and preventive practices against heat-related illnesses among Hajj and...

This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and preventive practices related to heat-related illnesses (HRIs) among Hajj and Umrah pilgrims in KSA, as well as examining demographic factors associated with these outcomes, and evaluating the relationships between knowledge and preventive practices.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 581 participants in KSA. Their knowledge and practices regarding HRIs were assessed using a structured, standardized questionnaire with scores between 0 and 1. Statistical analyses included descriptive and inferential tests, and Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationships between knowledge and practices.

Overall, knowledge scores were categorized as average (0.69 ± 0.19), with the highest scores for recognizing HRI symptoms (0.63 ± 0.19) and the importance of hydration (0.91 ± 0.28). Practice scores were moderate (0.56 ± 0.20), with high adherence to drinking more water (82 %) and performing rituals at night (81 %). However, gaps in knowledge were observed in sunscreen use (39 %) and understanding daily hydration needs (0.39 ± 0.48). Demographic factors such as age, gender, and education significantly influenced knowledge and practices. A weak but significant positive correlation (r = 0.197, P < 0.001) was found between knowledge and practices.

Although pilgrims had good knowledge of HRIs, the practical application of preventive measures was inconsistent. Targeted strategies such as subsidized protective resources, health and religious education, and mandatory leader training are recommended to translate awareness into effective practices, and ultimately enhance health outcomes during Hajj and Umrah.